什么时间是安全期游泳一般多久能学会中华文化英文讲系列(2):带外国朋友吃北京烤鸭
作者:***
来源:《新东方英语》2015年第11期
        外国人来到北京,大约有两件事情是非做不可的:一是登长城(the Great Wall),二是吃北京烤鸭(Beijing Roast Duck)。登完长城,体力也消耗得差不多了,下来正好吃一顿正宗的北京烤鸭。这样的一天对于老外来说,真是好好体味了一把中华文化。那么,烤鸭有哪些历史?便宜坊和全聚德的烤鸭到底有什么不同?烤鸭有什么吃法和讲究?“全鸭宴”都有哪些菜品和小吃?这些内容又该怎么用英文跟外国朋友介绍呢?在本期文章中,笔者就来解答这些问题。
        烤鸭的历史以及“焖炉”与“挂炉”
        烤鸭的历史最早可以追溯到1000多年前的南北朝时期。要用英文表达这句话,重点在于“追溯”这个词。我们先来看看英美主要新闻媒体在报道中是怎么表达“追溯”的。
        ①The two universities have links that date back to 1873 when settlers established the city’s cathedral. (From www.bbc)
        ②While the latter can trace its history back to the Romans, Düsseldorf’s rise came only with industrialization in the 19th century. (From www.washingtonpost)
        ③Most food historians agree that the traditional New York bagel’s origins lie in Poland, where it can be traced back to at least the 1700s. (wyork)
        由此可以学习“追溯”的三种表达方式,写出以下三个句子。
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        ①Roast duck dates back to the Southern and Northern Dynasties and has a history of more than 1,000 years.
        ②Roast duck can trace its history back to the Southern and Northern Dynasties more than 1,000 years ago.
        ③Roast duck can be traced back to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and has been around in China for more than 1,000 years.
        1. 便宜坊和焖炉烤鸭
        说起北京烤鸭,大家最先想到的就是全聚德。其实早在全聚德出现400多年以前,在明朝永乐年间的1416年,京城就出现了以“焖炉烤鸭”著称的便宜坊。当时,烤鸭所采用的工艺都是焖炉,而不是现在大家熟知的全聚德挂炉工艺。
        要介绍焖炉的工艺,首先需要了解焖炉工艺的一些基本要素:①焖炉之“焖”指的是炉门关闭;②焖炉烤鸭不用明火,烤鸭时,炉内的火要被熄灭,将鸭坯放进烤炉以后要迅速关上
炉门,以保持炉内温度,用炉壁的热力烘烤鸭子;③由于整个烤制过程炉门关闭,因此鸭子不能移动。综合如上内容,可以得到下面这两段英文表述。
        The ancient technique of roast duck suggests that the chef keeps the duck inside the oven without fire. The fire is initially lit and the oven heated, but the fire is then extinguished before the duck is put inside the oven. Once the duck is placed into the oven, the door is shut immediately to retain the heat. The duck is roasted with the remaining heat. Since the door is closed, the duck cannot be moved during the whole process.
        The most famous roast duck restaurant which uses this technique is called Bianyifang, meaning “a convenient and pleasant restaurant.” Founded in the early 1400s, the restaurant has a history of more than 600 years.
        2. 全聚德和挂炉烤鸭
        全聚德创立于清朝同治年间的1864年,因此就北京烤鸭来说,可以说是先有便宜坊,
后有全聚德。与便宜坊的焖炉烤鸭不同,全聚德采用的是挂炉工艺。这种工艺据说是由一位宫廷厨师创造,主要包含如下两个要素:①与焖炉不同,鸭子由明火烤制,整个烤制过程中火不熄灭,但鸭子不是直接由火烤熟,而是火的热量传导到炉壁,炉壁的热量再反射到鸭子身上;②烤制过程中炉门敞开,鸭子要不时翻动。这些内容可以用如下的英文来表达。
        Another technique of roast duck was invented in the mid-19th century by a chef who once worked in the imperial kitchen. Unlike Bianyifang, the duck hangs in the oven with the fire lit. The fire transmits the heat to the wall of the oven and the heat is reflected onto the duck to roast it. During the whole process, the duck should be moved occasionally to make sure every part of the duck has been roasted with enough heat.
卖母乳
        The most well-known restaurant to savor the duck roasted with this technique is called Quanjude, established in the Qing Dynasty about 150 years ago. It is also the earliest restaurant adopting this technique of roasting ducks.
        如何评判烤鸭的品质
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        中国人在判断菜品质量的优劣时经常使用、香、味这三个标准。对烤鸭品质的评判也基本沿袭了这三个标准,并形成了自身独特的具体标准:外形油光发亮,颜枣红,有扑鼻清香和微微热气。
        “外形油光发亮”可以说shiny in appearance,“微微热气”可以用hot with a slight amount of steam来表达。下面来重点看一下“颜枣红”和“清香”如何表达。
        我们所说的“枣红”是和枣一样的颜,但是枣在西方并不常见,西方人很难理解“枣红”是一种什么样的颜,所以在用英文表达时没必要体现“枣”这个概念。“枣红”的颜基本是一种红,只是红中带紫,所以可以说是purplish red,而purplish red的说法在英美国家也经常使用。还有一个词与它同义,是claret (紫红),也可以用在这里。这就告诉我们,在用英文表达颜时,一定要注意社会文化背景的因素,不能字对字、词对词死板地翻译。
        “清香”如何用英文表达呢?英语中表示香味的词有很多,比如fragrant、scented等。柯林斯词典对fragrant的解释是“something that is fragrant has a pleasant, sweet smell”,对scented的解释是“scented things have a pleasant smell, either naturally or because perfu
me has been added to them”。这两个词都可以用,烤鸭散发出的果木香味也基本能体现出来。不过,“果木香味”这一特殊的品质在英语里有一个专门的词aromatic。柯林斯词典对这个词的解释为“an aromatic plant or food has a strong, pleasant smell of herbs or spices”,可见用这个词来形容烤鸭的清香最为贴切。
        综合如上内容,可以写出下面这句话:“The quality of Beijing Roast Duck can be judged by four standards—shiny in appearance, purplish red (claret) in color, aromatic in smell and hot with a slight amount of steam.”
        北京烤鸭的三大“看点”
        北京烤鸭不仅好吃,还是值得欣赏的艺术品,这可能是外国朋友在吃烤鸭时最为关注的。北京烤鸭的“看点”归结起来大约有三个:①烤鸭装在大盘子里,厨师推着餐车送到客人桌边;②厨师在客人桌边用娴熟的刀功片鸭;③片出的每片鸭肉都带着酥脆鲜亮的鸭皮。这些内容可以用英文表达如下。
        After ordering roast duck, diners wait for the chef to come by with a buffet cart upon 机器猫全集
which is a large plate containing a whole roast duck. The chef then skillfully slices the tender juicy meat on the spot, which is a fabulous art worth appreciating. Each piece of meat is sliced in a way so that it is edged with crispy duck skin.
        吃烤鸭的讲究
        欣赏完片鸭肉,就该开吃了!怎么教外国人吃烤鸭呢?
        1. 烤鸭的“标配”
        餐桌上除了片好的鸭肉(slices of meat),还有一盘葱丝(sliced spring onions)和黄瓜条(cucumber strips)、一盘甜面酱(sweet sauce made of fermented flour)、一盘荷叶饼(lotus-leaf-like pancakes)。同时,还有一小盘没有肉的鸭皮(crispy skin)配一小盘绵白糖(soft white sugar)。这些应该就算是吃烤鸭的“标配”(standard companions to roast duck)了。